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Table 2 Habitat use outside the breeding colony of non-commuting GPS data of all herring gulls used in this study (n = 17) and foraging trip details (n = 605)

From: Foraging for high caloric anthropogenic prey is energetically costly

Habitat

Time (h)

Time (%)

Nr. trips

Mean trip duration

Proportion flapping trip −1

Rate of energy expenditure

Total energy

Urban

155

14

66

4.02 ± 2.28

0.25 ± 0.11

89.41 ± 21.88

357.17 ± 205.50

Marine

199

18

86

2.66 ± 1.46

0.34 ± 0.17

100.70 ± 33.97

261.52 ± 152.22

Intertidal

535

48

271

2.78 ± 1.70

0.17 ± 0.11

69.88 ± 21.78

196.65 ± 127.88

Terrestrial

232

21

127

2.01 ± 1.67

0.17 ± 0.17

71.96 ± 34.63

146.89 ± 138.62

Mixed

–

–

55

4.00 ± 2.23

0.24 ± 0.12

85.10 ± 23.27

323.52 ± 180.79

  1. Total time in hours (Time (h)) and percentages (Time (%)) of non-commuting GPS data of all herring gulls used in this study, the number of trips per habitat category (Nr. Trips), mean ± standard error of the trip duration per habitat category (Mean trip duration; h), the proportion of flapping flight per trip per habitat category (Proportion flapping trip−1) and the average energy expenditure per time (Rate of energy expenditure; kJ h− 1) and per trip (Total energy; kJ) per habitat category